ICSE 7 Biology Plant Classification Short

⚡ Quick Revision: Basis of Classification

Kingdom Plantae is divided into various groups based on their body structure, presence of vascular tissues, and the ability to produce seeds.

Term Card

Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

Broad Groups of Plants

• ✔ Non-Flowering (Cryptogamae): Plants that do not produce flowers or seeds; reproduce via spores (e.g., Algae, Mosses, Ferns).
• ✔ Flowering (Phanerogamae): Plants that produce seeds; further divided into Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Labeled Figure: The Plant Hierarchy

⚡ Quick Revision: The Non-Flowering Groups

Evolutionary Path

These plants represent the early stages of plant evolution, moving from completely aquatic to semi-terrestrial forms.

Comparison of Lower Plant Groups

Group	Body Structure	Vascular Tissues	Examples
Thallophyta (Algae)	Thallus (no roots, stems, or leaves).	Absent.	Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas.
Bryophyta (Mosses)	Leaf-like & stem-like structures; have Rhizoids.	Absent.	Funaria (Moss), Riccia.
Pteridophyta (Ferns)	True roots, stems, and leaves.	Present.	Ferns, Horsetails.

💡 Fun Fact:

Bryophytes are known as the "Amphibians of the Plant Kingdom" because they live on land but need water for reproduction.

Labeled Figure: Primitive Plant Structures

⚡ Quick Revision: Seed-Bearing Plants

Phanerogams

These are the most advanced plants. They have well-differentiated body parts and specialized vascular tissues for conduction.

Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms

Feature	Gymnosperms	Angiosperms
Seeds	Naked seeds (not inside a fruit).	Seeds enclosed within a fruit.
Flowers	Absent; produce Cones.	Present (Flowering plants).
Pollination	Mostly by Wind.	By Wind, Water, Insects, or Animals.
Examples	Pine, Fir, Cycas, Deodar.	Mango, Rose, Wheat, Pea.

Labeled Figure: Higher Plant Diversity

⚡ Quick Revision: Monocots vs. Dicots

Angiosperms are classified into two groups based on the number of cotyledons (seed leaves) present in the seed.

Comparison Table

Feature	Monocotyledonous (Monocots)	Dicotyledonous (Dicots)
Seeds	Single cotyledon.	Two cotyledons.
Roots	Fibrous root system.	Tap root system.
Leaves	Parallel venation.	Reticulate (net-like) venation.
Flowers	Floral parts in multiples of three.	Floral parts in multiples of four or five.
Examples	Maize, Wheat, Rice, Grass.	Pea, Gram, Bean, Mango.

Labeled Figure: Identifying Monocots and Dicots

✅ Chapter "Classification of Plants" Complete. Ready for the next unit?